Operative Case Volume for Vascular Integrated Residents and Fellows Following the Elective Surgery Shutdown due to COVID-19.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, nonemergent surgery was postponed in efforts to limit disease spread. To determine whether these changes affected vascular integrated resident (VR) and fellow (VF) operative volume, Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) case log data was reviewed. Case volume and standard deviation for each major category was for graduates of 2020 and 2021 were compared to the year prior to the pandemic, 2019. There were only 3 significant changes when comparing 2020/2021 to the prepandemic baseline of 2019, with increase in abdominal obstructive cases for VRs (8.1 in 2021 vs 5.9 in 2019, P = .021), an increase in upper extremity cases for VFs (18.9 in 2021 from 15.8 in 2019, P = .029), and a decrease in venous cases for VFs (39.6 in 2021 from 48.4 in 2019, P = .011). Postponing nonemergent surgery did not translate to significant changes in operative cases for graduating VRs and VFs.

Low-Cost Wearable Device to Provide an Effective Solution for Contact Tracing and Logistics

The paper introduces a low-cost wearable band that does the tedious, repetitive task of entering your required details in any shop or organization, as well as keeping a record of all the people you have come in contact with. There are two aspects of our device:1)If a person enters a shop with our device, the band will transmit the required information of the wearer to the reader kept at the shopkeeper's side wirelessly. The transmitted information will include the wearer's information (as per government guidelines) masked in the band's Unique ID along with their temperature status (whether having a temperature above 100°F or not).2)When two persons come near each other over a distance of 6 feet, the unique ID broadcasted from each other's bands gets stored in the other's band. If any of them tests positive for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) or similar diseases, his/her unique ID can be used to trace primary contacts and take appropriate steps to contain further spread.Privacy is key! So, we are reengineering the primary concept of contact tracing and logistics while keeping the user's information safe and secure. © 2023 IEEE.

Pain Management in the Post-COVID Era—An Update: A Narrative Review

An extensive computer search (from January 2020 to January 2023) was conducted including literature from the PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases. According to preset criteria, a total of 58 articles were included in this review article. Generally, any patient who becomes infected with COVID-19 can develop post-COVID-19 conditions. The course of COVID-19 is divided into three main stages: acute COVID-19 (up to 4 weeks), post-acute COVID-19 (from 4 to 12 weeks), and post-COVID (from 12 weeks to 6 months). If a more protracted course of COVID (over 6 months) is demonstrated, the term "long-COVID” is used. Although the acute stage of COVID-19 infection most commonly manifests with acute respiratory symptoms, one very common symptom of the disease is pain, while the most common symptoms of post-COVID syndrome are shortness of breath, dry cough, fatigue, loss of olfactory and gustatory function, tightness and chest pain, sleep and mood disturbances, body aches, muscle and joint pain, sore throat, fever, and persistent headaches. All observations demonstrated a high incidence of chronic pain syndromes of various localization in the post- and long-COVID period. Post-COVID chronic pain might include a newly developed chronic pain as a part of post-viral syndrome;worsening of preexisting chronic pain due to the associated changes in the medical services, or a de novo chronic pain in healthy individuals who are not infected with COVID. Chronic pain during and post-COVID-19 pandemic is an important health issue due to the significant impacts of pain on the patients, health care systems, and society as well. Therefore, it is important that patients with chronic pain receive effective treatment according to their specific needs. Accordingly, the main goal of this review article is to provide a broad description about the post-COVID pain and to explore the impact of long COVID-19 on chronic pain patients, and also to give brief reports about the prevalence, risk factors, possible mechanisms, different presentations, and the management tools through a systematic approach.

Role of wastewater treatment in COVID-19 control

The International Water Association (IWA) initiated a Task Force in April 2020 to serve as a leadership team within IWA whose role is to keep abreast and communicate the emerging science, technology, and applications for understanding the impact and the ability to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic and specifically designed for water professionals and industries. Expertise was nominated across the world with the purpose of collectively providing the water sector with knowledge products for the guidance on the control of COVID-19 and other viruses. This review paper developed by a working group of the IWA Task Force focuses on the control of COVID-19. The purpose of this review paper is to provide an understanding of existing knowledge with regards to COVID-19 and provide the necessary guidance of risk mitigation based on currently available knowledge of viruses in wastewater. This review paper considered various scenarios for both the developed world and the developing world and provided recommendations for managing risk. The review paper serves to pool the knowledge with regards to the pandemic and in relation to other viruses. The IWA Task Team envisage that this review paper provides the necessary guidance to the global response to the ongoing pandemic.

Pain Management in the Post-COVID Era-An Update: A Narrative Review.

An extensive computer search (from January 2020 to January 2023) was conducted including literature from the PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases. According to preset criteria, a total of 58 articles were included in this review article. Generally, any patient who becomes infected with COVID-19 can develop post-COVID-19 conditions. The course of COVID-19 is divided into three main stages: acute COVID-19 (up to 4 weeks), post-acute COVID-19 (from 4 to 12 weeks), and post-COVID (from 12 weeks to 6 months). If a more protracted course of COVID (over 6 months) is demonstrated, the term "long-COVID" is used. Although the acute stage of COVID-19 infection most commonly manifests with acute respiratory symptoms, one very common symptom of the disease is pain, while the most common symptoms of post-COVID syndrome are shortness of breath, dry cough, fatigue, loss of olfactory and gustatory function, tightness and chest pain, sleep and mood disturbances, body aches, muscle and joint pain, sore throat, fever, and persistent headaches. All observations demonstrated a high incidence of chronic pain syndromes of various localization in the post- and long-COVID period. Post-COVID chronic pain might include a newly developed chronic pain as a part of post-viral syndrome; worsening of preexisting chronic pain due to the associated changes in the medical services, or a de novo chronic pain in healthy individuals who are not infected with COVID. Chronic pain during and post-COVID-19 pandemic is an important health issue due to the significant impacts of pain on the patients, health care systems, and society as well. Therefore, it is important that patients with chronic pain receive effective treatment according to their specific needs. Accordingly, the main goal of this review article is to provide a broad description about the post-COVID pain and to explore the impact of long COVID-19 on chronic pain patients, and also to give brief reports about the prevalence, risk factors, possible mechanisms, different presentations, and the management tools through a systematic approach.

Repeatability, Completion Time, and Predictive Ability of Four Diabetes-Related Foot Ulcer Classification Systems.

INTRODUCTION: The inter and intra-observer reproducibility of measuring the Wound Ischemia foot Infection (WIfI) score is unknown. The aims of this study were to compare the reproducibility, completion times and ability to predict 30-day amputation of the WIfI, University of Texas Wound Classification System (UTWCS), Site, Ischemia, Neuropathy, Bacterial Infection and Depth (SINBAD) and Wagner classifications systems using photographs of diabetes-related foot ulcers. METHODS: Three trained observers independently scored the diabetes-related foot ulcers of 45 participants on two separate occasions using photographs. The inter- and intra-observer reproducibility were calculated using Krippendorff's α. The completion times were compared with Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's post-hoc tests. The ability of the scores to predict 30-day amputation rates were assessed using receiver operator characteristic curves and area under the curves. RESULTS: There was excellent intra-observer agreement (α >0.900) and substantial agreement between observers (α=0.788) in WIfI scoring. There was moderate, substantial, or excellent agreement within the three observers (α>0.599 in all instances except one) and fair or moderate agreement between observers (α of UTWCS=0.306, α of SINBAD=0.516, α of Wagner=0.374) for the other three classification systems. The WIfI score took significantly longer (P<.001) to complete compared to the other three scores (medians and inter quartile ranges of the WIfI, UTWCS, SINBAD, and Wagner being 1.00 [0.88-1.00], 0.75 [0.50-0.75], 0.50 [0.50-0.50], and 0.25 [0.25-0.50] minutes). None of the classifications were predictive of 30-day amputation (P>.05 in all instances). CONCLUSION: The WIfI score can be completed with substantial agreement between trained observers but was not predictive of 30-day amputation.

Anti-noncommunicable diseases attributes of pineapple (Ananas comosus): a concise review

Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical fruit that is numerous in Indonesia. This fruit can be processed into various processed food products. This author writes this article to find out the potential of pineapple as a food product that can be anti-noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes, obesity, oxidative stress, and cancer. This article is written using the narrative review method where data are collected from literature studies, namely articles in journals, books, and other literature-based online on database portals and leading search engines such as PUBMED and NCBI, the official website of the USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) and the European Phenols Explorer. The collected data are then analyzed, synthesized, discussed in the discussion, and general conclusions are drawn. The findings uncovered that pineapple contains polyphenols and antioxidant components, which are pretty high in concentration and could be useful as anti-NCDs. This fruit also has a proteolytic enzyme, bromelains, which is an immunomodulator against viral infections and diseases. This review concluded that pineapple fruit can be processed into various functional food products through several methods to maintain the content of polyphenols and antioxidants that have anti-NCDs potentials. It is necessary to process or execute this idea to identify and feel its benefits according to the research objectives, and in vivo, clinical trials are needed. Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Rynnye Lyan Resources.

Impact of Environmental and Psychosocial stressors on Precocious Puberty seen in Girls during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic caused stress, social isolation and physical inactivity in many. We proposed to review anthropometric/biochemical profiles in girls seen for precocious puberty (PP) (ages 5-8 years) during the pandemic (3/2020- 3/2021) compared to girls seen in the prior 2 years (2/2018-2/2020) and look at environmental and psychosocial impacts. Methods A retrospective chart review of the girls prepandemic (Pre-PD) were compared to those seen during the pandemic (PD). Criteria for PP: luteinizing hormone (LH range: 0.02-0.3 mIU/L, ECLIA, Esoterix) with >0.3 defined as pubertal;estradiol (range <36 pg/ml for age 7-9 years, LCMS, ARUP) with >=36.0 pg/ml defined as pubertal;follicle stimulating level (FSH 0.4- 6.5 IU/L ECLIA, ARUP). Girls with isolated adrenarche were excluded. Pelvic ultrasound with ovarian volumes (OVs>1cc considered pubertal) and MRI pituitary were done as indicated. Bone age/chronological age ratio (BA/CA) >1 was considered advanced. A Covid-19 impact survey was sent via a HIPAA compliant REDCap link to assess activity, sleep, and psychosocial stressors, distress on 0-10 scale (mild 0-4, moderate 5-7, severe 8-10) to families. T-tests and bivariate correlations were run (SPSS Ver 21). Results In total 56 subjects were included (pre-PD=23 vs. PD=33). A 30% increase in puberty referrals was noted during the pandemic. Weight (mean+ SD: Pre-PD vs. PD: 26.8+/-5 vs. 26.9+/-5.7 kg) and BMI (17.3+/-2.3 vs.16.8+/-2.3kg/m2). Estradiol (9.7+/-7.5 vs.21.9+/-16.6 pg/ml;p-value =0.006), random LH (1 vs. 15) were pubertal. OVs (1.75+/-1.1 vs. 2.75 cc) and BA/CA (1.1+/- 0.4 vs. 1.0+/-0.5) were seen in the two groups respectively. There was a correlation between estradiol levels and OVs in PD group (r= 0.5;p=.05). Survey results showed 61% of subjects used remote learning, 55% spent >4 hours on social media (Tik Tok, WhatsApp, etc.), 50% reported no exercise and 33% reported no social interaction. Stress was moderate with a parental report of 5.4/10, (50%essential workers, 18% lost jobs) & children reported stress level of 4.8/10. Conclusions We report an increased incidence of PP during the pandemic (perhaps due to a delay in evaluation) and a more advanced puberty (higher estradiol levels and greater OVs) compared to Pre-PD patients. Though weight gain, potentially due to inactivity, did not appear to contribute, we believe that stress, excessive social media use and/or isolation could be factors which contributed to the increased incidence of PP during the pandemic.

What Do We Need to Know About Rising Rates of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis? A Narrative Review and Update.

The most common type of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), an irreversible, progressive disorder that has lately come into question for possible associations with COVID-19. With few geographical exceptions, IPF is a rare disease but its prevalence has been increasing markedly since before the pandemic. Environmental exposures are frequently implicated in IPF although genetic factors play a role as well. In IPF, healthy lung tissue is progressively replaced with an abnormal extracellular matrix that impedes normal alveolar function while, at the same time, natural repair mechanisms become dysregulated. While chronic viral infections are known risk factors for IPF, acute infections are not and the link to COVID-19 has not been established. Macrophagy may be a frontline defense against any number of inflammatory pulmonary diseases, and the inflammatory cascade that may occur in patients with COVID-19 may disrupt the activity of monocytes and macrophages in clearing up fibrosis and remodeling lung tissue. It is unclear if COVID-19 infection is a risk factor for IPF, but the two can occur in the same patient with complicating effects. In light of its increasing prevalence, further study of IPF and its diagnosis and treatment is warranted.

Medical Masks Versus N95 Respirators for Preventing COVID-19 Among Health Care Workers : A Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: It is uncertain if medical masks offer similar protection against COVID-19 compared with N95 respirators. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether medical masks are noninferior to N95 respirators to prevent COVID-19 in health care workers providing routine care. DESIGN: Multicenter, randomized, noninferiority trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04296643). SETTING: 29 health care facilities in Canada, Israel, Pakistan, and Egypt from 4 May 2020 to 29 March 2022. PARTICIPANTS: 1009 health care workers who provided direct care to patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. INTERVENTION: Use of medical masks versus fit-tested N95 respirators for 10 weeks, plus universal masking, which was the policy implemented at each site. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was confirmed COVID-19 on reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test. RESULTS: In the intention-to-treat analysis, RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 occurred in 52 of 497 (10.46%) participants in the medical mask group versus 47 of 507 (9.27%) in the N95 respirator group (hazard ratio [HR], 1.14 [95% CI, 0.77 to 1.69]). An unplanned subgroup analysis by country found that in the medical mask group versus the N95 respirator group RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 occurred in 8 of 131 (6.11%) versus 3 of 135 (2.22%) in Canada (HR, 2.83 [CI, 0.75 to 10.72]), 6 of 17 (35.29%) versus 4 of 17 (23.53%) in Israel (HR, 1.54 [CI, 0.43 to 5.49]), 3 of 92 (3.26%) versus 2 of 94 (2.13%) in Pakistan (HR, 1.50 [CI, 0.25 to 8.98]), and 35 of 257 (13.62%) versus 38 of 261 (14.56%) in Egypt (HR, 0.95 [CI, 0.60 to 1.50]). There were 47 (10.8%) adverse events related to the intervention reported in the medical mask group and 59 (13.6%) in the N95 respirator group. LIMITATION: Potential acquisition of SARS-CoV-2 through household and community exposure, heterogeneity between countries, uncertainty in the estimates of effect, differences in self-reported adherence, differences in baseline antibodies, and between-country differences in circulating variants and vaccination. CONCLUSION: Among health care workers who provided routine care to patients with COVID-19, the overall estimates rule out a doubling in hazard of RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 for medical masks when compared with HRs of RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 for N95 respirators. The subgroup results varied by country, and the overall estimates may not be applicable to individual countries because of treatment effect heterogeneity. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Canadian Institutes of Health Research, World Health Organization, and Juravinski Research Institute.

User preferences towards select attributes of digital reading: An exploratory study post pandemic

The pandemic called COVID 19 has altered the ways in which people think, act, and believe and what not. Though morbidity and mortality are the biggest causes for concern, one cannot ignore the effect such a pandemic has over the other aspects of life. One such aspect is reading. While digital reading keeps on gaining further significance due to the pandemic, it becomes necessary to investigate the various facets of the same. Hence the study was conducted with the aim of examining the user preference towards select attributes of reading in the digital format. The present study is a descriptive research using primary data collected through questionnaire. The sample size was 100. It was found through Garrett ranking analysis that the most and least preferred format was 'pdf' and 'azw' respectively. The same for genre was fiction and poetry, whereas for device it was laptop and tablet. Chi-square tests were conducted for testing hypothesis. It was found through analysis that age and occupation had significant association with format and genre respectively. This finding presents a new perspective on digital reading user preferences over the previous studies for the fact that individual groups were focussed here. The magnitude of differences identified through data analysis shows that it is utterly necessary to regard each characteristic with special focus to maximise on the efficiency front from the view point of service provider as well as user. The limitation of the present study is the non-representative nature of the sample. © 2022 Universidad Tecnica de Manabi. All rights reserved.

Successful Non-operative Management of Metacarpophalangeal Collateral Ligament and Sagittal Band Rupture of the Long Finger: A Case Report.

The metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint is surrounded by various structures critical to its stability and function. Though the ligamentous injury to the digits is common, rupture of the metacarpophalangeal collateral ligament and a sagittal band of the same finger is not well represented in the literature. We report a chronic case of a concurrent metacarpophalangeal collateral ligament and sagittal band injury. Though surgery would have been the most appropriate treatment soon after the injury, restrictions on elective procedures due to the COVID-19 pandemic precluded surgical treatment. The patient was alternatively treated with buddy tape, and a close follow-up was done. This is the first reported case of a concurrent metacarpophalangeal collateral ligament, and sagittal band injury successfully treated using nonoperative management.

Inflammation and vascular dysfunction: The negative synergistic combination of diabetes and COVID-19.

AIMS: Several reports indicate that diabetes determines an increased mortality risk in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) and a good glycaemic control appears to be associated with more favourable outcomes. Evidence also supports that COVID-19 pneumonia only accounts for a part of COVID-19 related deaths. This disease is indeed characterised by abnormal inflammatory response and vascular dysfunction, leading to the involvement and failure of different systems, including severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, coagulopathy, myocardial damage and renal failure. Inflammation and vascular dysfunction are also well-known features of hyperglycemia and diabetes, making up the ground for a detrimental synergistic combination that could explain the increased mortality observed in hyperglycaemic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this work, we conduct a narrative review on this intriguing connection. Together with this, we also present the clinical characteristics, outcomes, laboratory and histopathological findings related to this topic of a cohort of nearly 1000 subjects with COVID-19 admitted to a third-level Hospital in Milan. RESULTS: We found an increased mortality in subjects with COVID-19 and diabetes, together with an altered inflammatory profile. CONCLUSIONS: This may support the hypothesis that diabetes and COVID-19 meet at the crossroads of inflammation and vascular dysfunction. (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04463849 and NCT04382794).

Spatial and Temporal Characterization of Activity in Public Space, 2019-2020.

The data reported here characterize spatial and temporal variation in the ratio of short-to-long-duration visits in public places (i.e., points of interest) in the United States for each week between January 2019 and December 2020. The underlying data on anonymized and aggregated foot traffic to public places is curated by SafeGraph, a geospatial data provider. In this work, we report the estimated number and duration of "short" (i.e., <4 hours) and "long" (i.e., >4 hours) visits to public places at the US census block group level. Long visits are shown to be a good proxy for workers based on formal economic data. We propose that short visits are more likely to represent nonobligate activities: people visiting a public place for leisure, shopping, entertainment, or civic or cultural engagement. Our work constructs a ratio of short to long visits, which can be used to inform population estimates for nonworker use of public space. These data may be useful for understanding how people's use of public space has changed during the COVID-19 pandemic and, more generally, for understanding activity patterns in public.

Indirect and Direct Effects of SARS-CoV-2 on Human Pancreatic Islets.

Recent studies have shown that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may induce metabolic distress, leading to hyperglycemia in patients affected by coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). We investigated the potential indirect and direct effects of SARS-CoV-2 on human pancreatic islets in 10 patients who became hyperglycemic after COVID-19. Although there was no evidence of peripheral anti-islet autoimmunity, the serum of these patients displayed toxicity on human pancreatic islets, which could be abrogated by the use of anti-interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), anti-IL-6, and anti-tumor necrosis factor α, cytokines known to be highly upregulated during COVID-19. Interestingly, the receptors of those aforementioned cytokines were highly expressed on human pancreatic islets. An increase in peripheral unmethylated INS DNA, a marker of cell death, was evident in several patients with COVID-19. Pathology of the pancreas from deceased hyperglycemic patients who had COVID-19 revealed mild lymphocytic infiltration of pancreatic islets and pancreatic lymph nodes. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2-specific viral RNA, along with the presence of several immature insulin granules or proinsulin, was detected in postmortem pancreatic tissues, suggestive of ß-cell-altered proinsulin processing, as well as ß-cell degeneration and hyperstimulation. These data demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 may negatively affect human pancreatic islet function and survival by creating inflammatory conditions, possibly with a direct tropism, which may in turn lead to metabolic abnormalities observed in patients with COVID-19.

A Cross-Sectional Study Investigating Canadian and Australian Adolescents' Perceived Experiences of COVID-19: Gender Differences and Mental Health Implications.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) disease pandemic has been associated with adverse psychological outcomes. This cross-cultural study (N = 1326, 71% female) aimed to investigate Canadian and Australian adolescents' subjective experiences of COVID-19, gender differences, and psychological implications. Mixed-methods analyses were used to examine differences in COVID-19 experiences and mental health outcomes between country and gender in a Canadian (N = 913, 78% female) and an Australian sample (N = 413, 57% female) of adolescents. Canadian adolescents reported increased COVID-19 discussions and more concerns related to their COVID-19 experiences compared to Australian adolescents. Girls consistently reported more concerns related to COVID-19 and poorer psychological outcomes compared to boys. School lockdown for the Canadian sample may have played a role in these country differences. Further, girls might be at significantly more risk for mental health concerns during COVID-19, which should be considered in adolescent mental health initiatives during the pandemic. Although school disruption and separation of peers due to the pandemic likely have a role in adolescent perceived stressors and mental health, the differences between Canadian and Australian adolescents were less clear and future investigations comparing more objective pre-COVID-19 data to current data are needed.

Low-Cost Social Distancing Alerting Wrist Band Device

Covid-19 pandemic is ravaging the world and humankind is facing one of the toughest challenges of this century. The main requirement is to stay safe. According to the Covid-19 protocol, a healthy person who is adjacent to an infected person for more than 15 minutes has a very high chance to get infected. Body temperature more than the normal temperature is one of the symptoms of the symbiotic Covid-19 infected person. This paper presents an idea to design a low-cost affordable wrist band that alerts the user if a person with higher body temperature is in his/her proximity. A simple component like thermopile temperature sensor, amplifier, monostable multivibrator, and LEDs are used to design this wrist band. The paper discusses the outline circuit to achieve this, which can be used by all people. © 2021 IEEE

Development of the first telepsychology initiative in Haiti in response to COVID-19

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe the development and implementation of the first telepsychology initiative in Haiti. Haiti is the world’s first black-led republic. It is also the only nation established by slave revolt and the first independent Caribbean state. In this case study, the development and pilot implementation of the first telepsychology initiative in the country of Haiti is described. The initiative was designed to provide psychoeducational and emotional support to community members and frontline health workers in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic in this under-resourced country. Design/methodology/approach: A multi-stakeholder approach was used and brought together local, national and international partners from governmental and non-governmental organizations as well as the academic community. Program data was collected from May 2020 through November 2021. The initiative was implemented across four regions of Haiti: Nord, Artibonite, Reste-Quest and Sud. Findings: A total of 701 individuals received telepsychology services. More community members participated (n = 508 sessions) than frontline health workers (n = 193 sessions). Service utilization ranged from one to four counseling sessions. Initial data suggest that telepsychology is a potentially acceptable and feasible option to increase access to mental health services in Haiti. Significant logistical and cultural concerns must be taken into consideration to refine services. Originality/value: To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the telepsychology initiative is the first of its kind and may serve as an exemplar for other similar countries with limited mental health resources. The authors provide information on successes, barriers and lessons learned as well as recommendations for enhancing services. © 2022, Emerald Publishing Limited.

From Bench to the Clinic: The Path to Translation of Nanotechnology-Enabled mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines.

During the last decades, the use of nanotechnology in medicine has effectively been translated to the design of drug delivery systems, nanostructured tissues, diagnostic platforms, and novel nanomaterials against several human diseases and infectious pathogens. Nanotechnology-enabled vaccines have been positioned as solutions to mitigate the pandemic outbreak caused by the novel pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. To fast-track the development of vaccines, unprecedented industrial and academic collaborations emerged around the world, resulting in the clinical translation of effective vaccines in less than one year. In this article, we provide an overview of the path to translation from the bench to the clinic of nanotechnology-enabled messenger ribonucleic acid vaccines and examine in detail the types of delivery systems used, their mechanisms of action, obtained results during each phase of their clinical development and their regulatory approval process. We also analyze how nanotechnology is impacting global health and economy during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.